C

C, 1, 2, 6

C++, 1, 2, 6

Caesar, Julius, 352

caller

of a statement expression, term definition, 204

canRead method

of class File, 755

canWrite method

of class File, 756

capacity method

of class StringBuffer, 551

of class Vector, 658

capacityIncrement field

of class Vector, 655

carriage return (CR)

escape sequence, 27

handling in a

character literal, 24

string literal, 25

as a line terminator, not input character, 14

casting

See also conversion

boolean, 37

ClassCastException class, 611

conversion context, 53

specification, 67

floating-pointing types, 33

integral types, 33

reference types, 67

run-time testing, 303

standard exceptions, ClassCastException, 209

to void, not permitted, 272

catch clause

See also control flow; try statement

exception handling role of, 204

exception idiom defined with, 211

ceil method

of class Math, 524

Cervantes, Miguel de, 67

characters

See also Character class; numbers; primitive types; strings

array of, distinguished from strings, 199

char type, 30

See also integral types; numbers; primitive types

value range, 31

Character class, 471

charValue method, of class Character, 474

line terminators, 25

literals

escape sequences for, 26

term definition and specification, 24

Unicode character set

composite, contrasted with the Unicode decomposed characters, 18

handling in package names, 117

lexical grammar use as terminal symbols, 7

relationship to ASCII, 11

charAt method

of class String, 536

of class StringBuffer, 551

Chase, Lincoln, 111

Chaucer, Geoffrey

Canterbury Tales, 521

Troilus and Creseide, 528

checking

See also exceptions, checked; throw

checkAccept method, of class SecurityManager, 577

checkAccess method

of class SecurityManager, 572

of class Thread, 594

of class ThreadGroup, 605

checkConnect method, of class SecurityManager, 576

checkCreateClassLoader method, of class SecurityManager, 572

checkDelete method, of class SecurityManager, 576

checkError method, of class PrintStream, 739

checking

checkExec method, of class SecurityManager, 573

checkExit method, of class SecurityManager, 573

checkLink method, of class SecurityManager, 574

checkListen method, of class SecurityManager, 577

checkPropertiesAccess method, of class SecurityManager, 574

checkPropertyAccess method, of class SecurityManager, 574

checkRead method, of class SecurityManager, 575

checkSetFactory method, of class SecurityManager, 577

checkTopLevelWindow method, of class SecurityManager, 578

checkWrite method, of class SecurityManager, 575

for exception handlers, at compile-time, 203

checkPackageAccess method

of class SecurityManager, 578

checkPackageDefinition method

of class SecurityManager, 578

Christie, Agatha

hand-writing experts, 325

no method, 465

Poirot's abrupt departure, 264

testing a statement, 273

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 528

circular declaration

See also forward reference

ClassCircularityError class, 611

of interfaces, compile-time error caused by, 185

of subclasses, compile-time error caused by, 134

of types, in different compilation units, legality of, 118

class(es)

See also fields; inheritance; interfaces; methods; packages; subclasses; superclasses; superinterfaces

abstract, 131

as array component types, 194

binary compatibility considerations, 242

declaration of, 131

overriding abstract methods in, 158

uses, 132

accessibility, 99

binary compatibility considerations, 242

class(es)

binary representation

binary file format requirements, 240

verification of, 220

body

declarations, binary compatibility considerations, 245

term definition and declarations in, 138

Class class, 466

class file format, binary file format use of, 238

Class objects, associated with arrays, 199, 49

.class suffix, as name for compiled files, 116

ClassCastException class, 611

ClassCircularityError class, 611

classDepth method, of class SecurityManager, 571

ClassFormatError class, 611

ClassLoader class, 558

classLoaderDepth method, of class SecurityManager, 572

ClassNotFoundException class, 611

constructors, binary compatibility considerations, 253

declarations, 128

(chapter), 127

LALR(1) grammar productions, 443

specifying direct superclasses in, 133

specifying direct superinterfaces in, 135

term definition, 128

as declared entity, 78

exception

Error, 203, 211

Exception, 203, 208

RuntimeException, 203, 208

Throwable, 201, 202, 208, 463

fields, see fields, class

final

binary compatibility considerations, 242

declaration of, 133

finalization of, 235

inaccessible, accessing members of, example, 142

IncompatibleClassChangeError class, 611

initialization, 223

detailed procedure, 225

example, 217

standard exceptions, ExceptionInitializerError, 212

instances, see instance(s)

class(es)

instantiation, preventing, 180

linking

at virtual machine startup, 216

initialization, 212, 223, 225

preparation, 212, 221, 226

process description, 220

resolution, 216

loading, 218

at virtual machine startup, 216

process description, 29

standard errors

ClassCircularityError, 219

ClassFormatError, 219

NoClassDefFoundError, 219

members, 86

declarations, 138

binary compatibility considerations, 245

methods

class, 160

interface, 169

non-static, 160

static, 160

names

fully qualified, 105

scope of, 130

naming conventions, 108

NoClassDefFoundError class, 611

non-public, in example of qualified names and access control, 101

objects have, while variables have types, 47

as package members, 85

preparation, 221

at virtual machine startup, 216

standard exceptions, AbstractMethodError, 212

preventing instantiation of, 132

public

access control in, 99

binary compatibility considerations, 243

in example of qualified names and access control, 101

references to, binary file format requirements, 239

resolution

at virtual machine startup, 216

process description, 221

standard exceptions

IllegalAccessError, 221

IncompatibleClassChangeError, 221

InstantiationError, 222

class(es)

resolution

standard exceptions

NoSuchFieldError, 222

NoSucMethodError, 222

scope of, 81

standard, see standard classes

standard exceptions

ClassCastException, 209, 69

ClassNotFoundException, 210, 468, 559, 560

Error, 208

Exception, 208

RuntimeException, 208

Throwable, 208

static initializers, 175

binary compatibility considerations, 259

type declarations, as members of packages, 124

unloading of, 235

variables

default values, 46

specification, 145, 44

verification

at virtual machine startup, 216

standard exceptions, VerifyError, 212

classification

reclassification of contextually ambiguous names, 91

syntactic, of a name according to context, 90

clear method

of class BitSet, 620

of class Hashtable, 638

clearChanged method

of class Observable, 644

cloning

clone method

of class BitSet, 620

of class Hashtable, 636

of class Object, 460

of class Vector, 656

Cloneable interface, 465

CloneNotSupportedException class, 611

CLOS (Common Lisp Object System), 4

close method

of class FileInputStream, 686

of class FileOutputStream, 723

of class FilterInputStream, 697

of class FilterOutputStream, 731

of class InputStream, 682

of class OutputStream, 721

of class PipedInputStream, 688

of class PipedOutputStream, 726

close method

of class PrintStream, 739

of class RandomAccessFile, 746

of class SequenceInputStream, 695

code generation

See also binary, compatibility; compile-time errors; exceptions; optimization

asynchronous exceptions, implications for, 205

initialization, implications for, 227

linking, implications for, 222

loading, implications for, 219

symbolic reference resolution implications of, 222

comments

commentChar method, of class StreamTokenizer, 716

documentation, (chapter), 419

term definition and specification, 15

Common Lisp, 4, 6

compareTo method

of class String, 538

compatibility

binary, see binary, compatibility

compilation

See also compile-time errors; exceptions; virtual machine

CompilationUnit goal symbol, syntactic grammar use, 8

conditional

binary compatibility considerations, 251

if statement reachability handling to support, 298

exception handlers checked for during, 203

unit

components, package declarations, 118

importing types into, 120

term definition and characteristics, 117

compile-time errors, 1

See also binary, compatibility; errors; exceptions completion, 264

completion

See also control flow; exceptions

abrupt

break statement, 283

continue statement, 285

during expression evaluation, 304

for statement, 282

labeled statements, 272

reasons for, 264, 304

return statement, 287

synchronized statement, 289

throw statement, 288

completion

abrupt

try statement, 290

try-catch statement, 292

try-catch-finally statement, 293

normal

during expression evaluation, 304

during statement execution, 264

component(s)

See arrays, components

type, arrays, 194

concat method

of class String, 544

concurrency, 309

See also synchronization; threads

conflicts

name

See also hiding; scope

avoiding through use of syntactic context, 89

connect method

of class PipedInputStream, 687

of class PipedOutputStream, 725

Conner, Michael, 237

constants

See also fields, class, final; fields, interface; literals

characteristics and binary compatibility considerations, 251

compile-time narrowing of

by assignment conversion, implications, 61

not permitted by method invocation conversion, 66

expressions, 381

in string literals, 26

field

binary compatibility considerations, 251

term specification, 251

named, see fields, class, final

primitive

binary compatibility considerations, 251

term definition, 251

constructors

See also class(es); execution; initialization; interfaces; methods

access, 99

binary compatibility considerations, 248

control

default, example, 102

private, example, 105

protected, example, 104

public, example, 103

constructors

access

hidden fields, this keyword use for, 269

body, 178

binary compatibility considerations, 257

as components of a class body, 138

declarations, 176

binary compatibility considerations, 253

LALR(1) grammar productions, 445

default, 180

deleting, binary compatibility considerations, 246

invocation, during instance creation, 228

as not members of a class, 86

modifiers, 177

names of, 176, 79

overloading, 180

binary compatibility considerations, 257

parameters, 177

See also arguments

assignment during instance creation, 228

binary compatibility considerations, 254

scope, 82

specification, 177, 45

private, preventing instantiation with, 132, 181

protected, accessibility of, 100

references to, binary file format requirements, 239

signature, 177

binary file format requirements, 240

throws clause, binary compatibility considerations, 256

contains method

of class Hashtable, 637

of class Vector, 659

containsKey method

of class Hashtable, 637

context(s)

See also inheritance; scope

conversion, 52

assignment, specification, 61

casting, specification, 67

method invocation, specification, 66

string, specification, 67

reclassification of contextually ambiguous names, 91

role in determining the meaning of a name, 79, 89

syntactic classification of a name according to, 90

context-free grammars

See grammars, context-free

continue statement

See also control flow

definite assignment, 397

as reason for abrupt completion, 264

specification, 285

contract

See also binary, compatibility

term definition, 241

control flow

See also completion; definite assignment; exceptions; expressions; statements; statements, unreachable; threads

boolean expressions use for, 37

break statement, specification, 283

continue statement, specification, 285

deadlock avoidance, multiple lock use for, 290

do statement, specification, 279

for statement, specification, 280

if statement, dangling else handling, 270

if-then statement, specification, 273

if-then-else statement, specification, 274

local variable declaration and switch statement, 45

return statement, specification, 286

switch statement, specification, 274

synchronized statement, specification, 289

throw statement, specification, 287

try statement, specification, 290

try-catch statement, specification, 291

try-catch-finally statement, specification, 293

while statement, specification, 277

conventions

naming, 106

impact on name hiding, 84

conversion

See also casting; numbers; promotion

casting, 67

categories and contexts, 52

(chapter), 51

contexts

assignment, specification, 61

casting, specification, 67

method invocation, specification, 66

string, specification, 67

forbidden, specification, 60

identity

in assignment conversion context, 61

in casting conversion context, 67

in method invocation conversion context, 66

specification, 54

conversion

kinds of, 54

in method invocations, 66

narrowing

primitive, 55

in assignment conversion context, 61

in casting conversion context, 67

not allowed in method invocation conversion context, reasons for, 66

reference, in casting conversion context, 67

reference

narrowing, 59

specification, 59

widening, 58

specification, 58

string, 67

specification, 60

term definition, 51

term specification, 58

widening

primitive, 54

in assignment conversion context, 61

in binary numeric promotion context, 74

in casting conversion context, 67

in method invocation conversion context, 66

in unary numeric promotion context, 73

reference, 58

in assignment conversion context, 61

in casting conversion context, 67

in method invocation conversion context, 66

term specification, 58

copyInto method

of class Vector, 659

cos method

of class Math, 519

count field

of class BufferedInputStream, 699

of class BufferedOutputStream, 732

of class ByteArrayInputStream, 689

of class ByteArrayOutputStream, 727

of class StringBufferInputStream, 692

countObservers method

of class Observable, 643

countStackFrames method

of class Thread, 598

countTokens method

of class StringTokenizer, 653 C++, 1, 2, 6

C++ Creamer, Henry, 595

Creamer, Henry

creation

See also declaration; initialization

array, 195, 38

expression evaluation

example, 318

order, 316

out-of-memory detection, example, 319

instance, 38

expression evaluation, 314

order, 315

expressions as statements, 272

invocation of initializers for instance variables during, 229

method dispatching during, 230

specification and procedure, 228

object, 38

threads, 415

Creatore, Luigi, 28

currentClassLoader method

of class SecurityManager, 571

currentThread method

of class Thread, 599

currentTimeMillis method

of class System, 581

cuspidor

See spittoon

Contents | Prev | Next | Index

Java Language Specification (HTML generated by Suzette Pelouch on February 24, 1998)
Copyright © 1996 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved
Please send any comments or corrections to doug.kramer@sun.com