E

E field

of class Math, 518

Eco, Umberto, 111

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 364

element

elementAt method, of class Vector, 656

elementCount field, of class Vector, 655

elementData field, of class Vector, 655

elements method

of class Dictionary, 634

of class Hashtable, 637

of class Vector, 659

NoSuchElementException class, 664

type, arrays, term definition, 194

Ellis, Margaret A., 6

Elliston, Shirley, 111

empty method

of class Stack, 662

EmptyStackException class, 663

endsWith method

of class String, 540

ensureCapacity method

of class StringBuffer, 551

of class Vector, 658

entity

declared, list of, 78

enumerate method

of class Thread, 600

of class ThreadGroup, 609 Enumeration interface, 617

Enumeration interface

eolIsSignificant method

of class StreamTokenizer, 717

Epictetus, 186

equals method

of class BitSet, 619

of class Boolean, 470

of class Character, 473

of class Date, 626

of class Double, 511

of class File, 754

of class Float, 505

of class Integer, 489

of class Long, 496

of class Object, 459

of class String, 535

equalsIgnoreCase method

of class String, 537

errors

See also binary, compatibility; compile-time errors; exceptions

AbstractMethodError class, 611

ClassCircularityError class, 611

ClassFormatError class, 611

err field

of class FileNameDescriptor, 760

of class System, 580

Error class, 211, 611

unchecked exceptions as subclass of, 163

ExceptionInInitializerError class, 611, 614

IllegalAccessError class, 611

IncompatibleClassChangeError class, 611

InstantiationError class, 611

InternalError class, 611

linking, 211, 220

LinkageError class, 611

preparation, 221

resolution, 221

verification, 220

loading, 211, 219

NoClassDefFoundError class, 611

NoSuchFieldError class, 611

NoSuchMethodError class, 611

OutOfMemoryError class, 611

semantic, exceptions as mechanism for signaling, 201

standard, reasons for, 203

hierarchical relationships list, 611

types, run-time, 303

unchecked, reasons for, 203

UnknownError class, 611

errors

UnsatisfiedLinkError class, 611

VerifyError class, 611

virtual machine, 212

escapes

sequences, for character and string literals, 26

Unicode, specification, 12

evaluation

See also execution; initialization; scope

evaluated, term definition, 301

expressions

additive operators, 355

additive operators for numeric types, 358

array access, 341

array assignment, 370

array creation, 315

assignment operators, 369

bitwise binary operators, 365

bitwise complement, 349

boolean equality operators, 364

boolean logical operators, 365

cast, 350

compound assignment operators, 375

conditional operator, 367

conditional-and operator, 366

conditional-or operator, 366

division, 352

equality operators, 362

field access, 319

instance creation, 314

integer bitwise operators, 365

logical binary operators, 365

logical complement, 349

method invocation, 323

method invocation, order of, 333

multiplication, 351

multiplicative operators, 351

numeric comparison, 361

numeric equality operators, 363

parenthesized, 313

postfix, 344

pre-decrement, 348

pre-increment, 347

primary, 311

reference equality operators, 364

relational operators, 360

remainder, 353

shift operators, 359

simple assignment operators, 369

string concatenation, 355

superclass access, 322

type comparison, 361

evaluation

expressions

unary minus, 349

unary operators, 346

unary plus, 348

literals, 312

order

arguments left-to-right, 304

binary operators, 305

compound assignment, 305

left-hand operand first, 305

left-to-right, 309

operands before operators, 307

operands evaluated before operations, 307

parameters, 303

parentheses and precedence respected, 308

result of, term definition, 301

events

See also methods

execution order of, constraints on relationships among, 403

evolution

See also binary, compatibility; reuse

of classes, binary compatibility considerations, 242

of interfaces, binary compatibility considerations, 259

of packages, binary compatibility considerations, 242

examples

access control, 100

classes, 101

fields, methods, and constructors

default, 102

private, 105

protected, 104

public, 103

arrays, 196

classes, public and non-public, 101

declarations

fields, 151

import, 123

method, 168

default-access methods, constructors and fields, 102

exceptions, 206

fields

interface, ambiguous inherited, 188

interface, multiply inherited, 188

multiply inherited, 153

reinheritance of, 154

examples

hiding, 168

of variables

class, 151

instance, 152

vs. overriding, 170

HTML generation from documentation comments, 423

inheritance

accessing members of inaccessible classes, 142

class members, 139

default access, 140

public, protected, and private access, 141

multiple, with superinterfaces, 137

with default access, 140

with private, 141

with protected, 141

with public, 141

methods

abstract declarations, 190

invocation of hidden class, 171

private, 105

protected, 104

public, 103

overloading, 168

overriding, 168

incorrect, 169

because of throws, 174

large example, 172

vs. hiding, 170

exceptions

See also binary, compatibility; compile-time errors; errors; Throwable class

ArithmeticException class, 611

ArrayStoreException class, 611

asynchronous, causes and handling of, 205

caller, determination of, 204

causes of, 202

(chapter), 201

checked

compile-time checking for handlers of, 203

constructors, declaring with throws clause in method declarations, 163

defining new exception classes as, 208

methods, declaring with throws clause in method declarations, 163

standard, 210

ClassCastException class, 611

classes

Error, 203, 211

exceptions

classes

Exception, 208

hierarchical relationships list, 611

RuntimeException, 203, 208

RuntimeException, unchecked exceptions found in, 164

Throwable, 201, 202

ClassNotFoundException class, 611

CloneNotSupportedException class, 611

EmptyStackException class, 663

example, 206

Exception class, 611

@exception tag, specification, 422

ExceptionInInitializerError class, 611, 614

handlers

compile-time checking, 203

how established, 201

in try statements, 291

handling of, 204

asynchronous, 205

run-time testing, 303

hierarchy, 208

IllegalAccessException class, 611

IllegalArgumentException class, 611

IllegalThreadStateException class, 611

IndexOutOfBoundsException class, 611

InstantiationException class, 611

integer divide by zero, 32

InterruptedException class, 611

NegativeArraySizeException class, 611

never thrown for

assignment conversions, 61

information loss due to narrowing primitive conversions, 57

information loss due to widening primitive conversions, 55

widening reference conversions, 59

NoSuchElementException class, 664

NoSuchMethodException class, 611

NullPointerException class, 611

NumberFormatException class, 611

parameters

See also variables

declaration, 290

description, 45

initial value, 46

scope, 291, 82

precise, 205

exceptions

standard, 208

NegativeArraySizeException, 304, 316

RuntimeException, 371

standard (checked)

ClassNotFoundException, meaning, 210

CloneNotSupportedException, meaning, 210, 460

EOFException

declaration, 762

meaning, 210

Exception, 208

FileNotFoundException, 684, 722

declaration, 763

meaning, 210

IllegalAccessException, meaning, 210

InstantiationException, 131

meaning, 210

InterruptedException, 562, 598, 600, 601

meaning, 210

InterruptedIOException

declaration, 764

meaning, 210

IOException, 564, 565, 668, 669, 670, 671, 672, 675, 676, 677, 678, 680, 681, 682, 683, 685, 686, 687, 688, 694, 695, 696, 697, 698, 700, 701, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 717, 720, 721, 723, 724, 725, 726, 729, 730, 731, 733, 735, 736, 737, 744, 745, 746, 747, 748, 749, 750, 751

declaration, 761

meaning, 210

MalformedURLException, meaning, 211

ProtocolException, meaning, 211

SocketException, meaning, 211

UnknownHostException, meaning, 211

UnknownServiceException, meaning, 211

UnsatisfiedLinkException, 222

UTFDataFormatException

declaration, 765

meaning, 210

standard (errors)

AbstractMethodError, 254, 255

meaning, 212, 221

ClassCircularityError, 134, 243

meaning, 212, 219

exceptions

standard (errors)

ClassFormatError, 559

meaning, 212, 219

Error, 211

ExceptionInInitializerError, 227, 288

meaning, 212

IllegalAccessError, 243, 259, 336

meaning, 212, 221

IncompatibleClassChangeError, 251, 253, 256, 334, 336

meaning, 212, 221

InstantiationError, meaning, 212, 222

InternalError, meaning, 212

LinkageError, 219, 220

loading and linkage, 211

NoClassDefFoundError, 226

meaning, 212, 219

NoSuchFieldError, 250

meaning, 212, 222

NoSuchMethodError, 247, 253, 260, 334

meaning, 212, 222

OutOfMemoryError, 163, 213, 219, 227, 228, 304, 314, 315, 316, 319, 336

meaning, 212

StackOverflowError, meaning, 212

ThreadDeath, 595, 611

UnknownError, meaning, 212

UnsatisfiedLinkError, 583, 584, 611

meaning, 222

VerifyError, 255, 260

meaning, 212, 220

VirtualMachineError, 212, 611

standard (unchecked runtime)

ArithmeticException, 304, 307, 354

meaning, 209

ArrayStoreException, 199, 304, 371, 374, 584

meaning, 209

ClassCastException, 304, 351, 371, 69

casting conversion requirements that can result in, 69

ClassCastException, meaning, 209

EmptyStackException, 662

declaration, 663

meaning, 209

IllegalArgumentException, 597, 607, 625, 631, 744, 745

meaning, 209

exceptions

standard (unchecked runtime)

IllegalMonitorStateException, 461, 462, 463

meaning, 209

IllegalThreadStateException, 562, 592, 593, 594, 597, 606

meaning, 209

IndexOutOfBoundsException, 195, 304, 342, 371, 376, 533, 534, 536, 543, 546, 551, 552, 553, 555, 556, 557, 559, 564, 565, 584, 655, 656, 657, 659, 660, 668, 675, 681, 685, 688, 690, 693, 695, 697, 701, 708, 711, 720, 723, 726, 731, 733, 735, 736, 737, 739, 746, 747, 749

meaning, 209

NegativeArraySizeException, 550

meaning, 209

NoSuchElementException, 617, 657

declaration, 664

meaning, 209

NullPointerException, 197, 204, 304, 335, 342, 343, 344, 371, 376, 507, 514, 533, 534, 536, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 546, 552, 553, 555, 559, 560, 565, 584, 595, 604, 633, 634, 668, 675, 677, 678, 680, 681, 685, 688, 690, 693, 695, 697, 701, 703, 708, 711, 720, 723, 726, 730, 731, 733, 735, 736, 737, 739, 740, 742, 746, 747, 749, 753, 754

meaning, 209

NumberFormatException, 489, 492, 493, 499, 500, 504, 511

meaning, 209

RuntimeException, 208, 371

SecurityException, 558, 563, 564, 565, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584, 592, 593, 595, 596, 597, 603, 604, 606, 607, 684, 685, 722, 723, 744, 745, 755, 756, 757, 758

meaning, 209

standard, 209

synchronization integrated with mechanism for handling, 202

Throwable class, 611

thrown for, narrowing reference conversions, 59

uncaughtException method, when invoked, 202

execution

See also declarations; evaluation; initialization; linking; loading

(chapter), 215

exec method, of class Runtime, 564

order, thread rules, 403

of statements for their effect, 263

exists method

of class File, 755

exit

exit method

of class Runtime, 563

of class System, 582

exitValue method, of class Process, 562

virtual machine, criteria for, 235

expressions

See also fields; methods; statements

abrupt completion of, as reason for abrupt statement completion, 265

additive operators

evaluation, 355

for numeric types, evaluation, 358

array

access, evaluation, 341

assignment, evaluation, 370, 375

creation, evaluation of, 315

assignment

conversion, 61

definite assignment, 391

operators, evaluation, 369

as statements, 272

bitwise

binary operators, evaluation, 365

complement, evaluation, 349

boolean

assignment, definite assignment, 390

constant, definite assignment, 386

operators

!, definite assignment, 387

!=, definite assignment, 389

&, definite assignment, 387

&&, definite assignment, 386

==, definite assignment, 389

? :, definite assignment, 389

^, definite assignment, 388

|, definite assignment, 388

||, definite assignment, 387

equality, evaluation, 364

logical, evaluation, 365

boolean-valued, definite assignment, 386

cast, evaluation, 350

(chapter), 301

expressions

compound, assignment operators, evaluation, 375

conditional

and operator &&, evaluation, 366

operator ? :

definite assignment, 390

evaluation, 367

or operator ||, evaluation, 367

definite assignment and, 386

division, evaluation, 352

equality operators, evaluation, 363

field access, evaluation of, 319

instance creation

evaluation of, 314

as statements, 272

integer bitwise operators, evaluation, 366

LALR(1) grammar productions, 450

logical

comparison operators, evaluation, 365

complement !, evaluation, 350

method invocation

evaluation, 323

evaluation order, 333

as statements, 272

multiplication *, evaluation, 351

multiplicative operators *, /, &, evaluation, 351

names

context in which a name is classified as, 91

qualified, meaning of, 96

simple, meaning of, 95

numeric

comparison, evaluation, 361

equality operators, evaluation, 363

operators

++, definite assignment, 392

--, definite assignment, 392

precedence, evaluation, 308

parenthesized

evaluation of, 313

evaluation of, precedence effect of, 308

post-decrement --

evaluation of, 345

as statements, 272

post-increment ++

evaluation of, 345

as statements, 272

postfix, evaluation, 344

pre-decrement --

evaluation of, 348

as statements, 272

expressions

pre-increment ++

evaluation of, 348

as statements, 272

primary, evaluation of, 311

See also arrays, access expressions; arrays, creation; fields, access expressions; instance, creation; literals; expressions, parenthesized; methods, invocations; this keyword

reference equality operators ==, !=, evaluation, 364

relational operators <, >, <=, >=, evaluation, 361

remainder %, evaluation, 353

run-time checks of, 302

semantics and evaluation rules, (chapter), 301

shift operators <<, >>, >>>, evaluation, 359

simple assignment operator =, evaluation, 370

statements

definite assignment, 394

specification, 272

string concatenation +, evaluation, 355

superclass access, evaluation, 322

type

comparison instanceof, evaluation, 362

how determined, 47

usage in, 43

vs. class of object, 47

unary

minus -, evaluation, 349

operators, evaluation, 346

plus +, evaluation, 349

values, variables as, 302

extends clause

See also classes; implements; object-oriented concepts

in class declaration, specifying direct superclasses with, 133

in interface declaration, 185

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Java Language Specification (HTML generated by Suzette Pelouch on February 24, 1998)
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